Representation of speech in human auditory cortex: Is it special?

Successful categorization of phonemes in speech requires that the brain analyze the acoustic signal along
both spectral and temporal dimensions. Neural encoding of the stimulus amplitude envelope is critical
for parsing the speech stream into syllabic units. Encoding of voice onset time (VOT) and place of
articulation (POA), cues necessary for determining phonemic identity, occurs within shorter time frames.
An unresolved question is whether the neural representation of speech is based on processing mechanisms
that are unique to humans and shaped by learning and experience, or is based on rules governing
general auditory processing that are also present in non-human animals. This question was examined by
comparing the neural activity elicited by speech and other complex vocalizations in primary auditory
cortex of macaques, who are limited vocal learners, with that in Heschl’s gyrus, the putative location of
primary auditory cortex in humans. Entrainment to the amplitude envelope is neither specific to humans
nor to human speech. VOT is represented by responses time-locked to consonant release and voicing
onset in both humans and monkeys. Temporal representation of VOT is observed both for isolated syllables
and for syllables embedded in the more naturalistic context of running speech. The fundamental
frequency of male speakers is represented by more rapid neural activity phase-locked to the glottal
pulsation rate in both humans and monkeys. In both species, the differential representation of stop
consonants varying in their POA can be predicted by the relationship between the frequency selectivity
of neurons and the onset spectra of the speech sounds. These findings indicate that the neurophysiology
of primary auditory cortex is similar in monkeys and humans despite their vastly different experience
with human speech, and that Heschl’s gyrus is engaged in general auditory, and not language-specific,
processing.