TY - BOOK AU - errorsYi-Fang Hsua, TI - Auditory event-related potentials over medial frontal electrodesexpress both negative and positive prediction errors N2 - While the neuronal activation in the medial frontal cortex is thought to reflect higher-order evaluationprocesses of reward prediction errors when a reward deviates from our expectation, there is increasingevidence that the medial frontal activity might express prediction errors in general. However, giventhat several studies examined the medial frontal event-related potentials (ERPs) by comparing sig-nals triggered by different stimuli and different anticipations, it remains an open question whether themedial frontal signals are sensitive to the valence of prediction errors. Here we orthogonally manipulatedexpectation magnitude (i.e., large/small expectation) and expectation confirmation (i.e., fulfilled/violatedexpectation) in a target detection task with rewards. We found that the medial frontal ERPs were morenegative-going for unexpected outcomes in comparison with expected outcomes, regardless of whethera large/small reward was expected. The result supports the idea that the medial frontal signals expressprediction errors in general regardless of their valence UR - http://dspace.nal.gov.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/253/Auditory%20event%20related%20potentials.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ER -