Psycho-acoustics: facts and models

Machine derived contents note: I Stimuli and Procedures I -- 1.1 Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of Sound I -- 1.2 Presentation of Sounds by Loudspeakers and Earphones 5 -- 1.3 Methods and Procedures 8 -- 4 Stimulih. Sensations, and Data Averaging -- 2 Hearing Area 17 -- 2A1 Threshold in Quiet 19 -- 3 Information Processing in the Auditory System : 23 -- 0.1 Preprocesising of Sound in the Periphe ra] Syst rn 23 -- 3.i.I 23 -- 3.1,1 Hf-ad amd Outer Ear 23 -- 31.2f Middle Far 24 -- 3.1.3 Inner ar 25 -- 3 1.4 Oto coustic Emissions 3 -- 3.1 5 lModel of the Nonlinear Preprocessing Systemn 50 -- 3.2 i foruauton Processing in the Nervous Svstem 58 -- 4 Masking i61 -- 41 Naskin of Pie Ton - bv Noise, 2 -- 4.1 1 Pure nes M asked by Broad-Bandwl Noise , 62 -- 4.1.2 Poue Tones Misked by Na.rrow Balnd Noise 64 -- 4 13 Pire Tones Masked by Low-Pass or High-Pass Noise 66 -- 4.2 Maski inf of Plure Tones by Tones 66G -- 42.1 iPure Iones Masked b Pure loes 67 -- 412.2 Pue Tonies Masked bY Complex Tones 71 -- L4.3 Ps-C toacioiuscil ITing Curves , ..4 -- 7 411 1 a TC -- 4A4 lenpo-al Effc , 78 -- 41-.1 Sinumhoneois AM ini ,i.g. 79 -- 4.42 Pri askin 8 -- 1.4 1enporal M asking Ratterns 84 -- 4.4'5 Mw ilt lPeriod -aMtertns 93 -- L46 Puk ation Tla sold 7 -- 4 4.7 NIixed Sw ectra and Tcomporal Maskimng 102 -- 4.5 -'Addtin" of AMasking 103 -- 4,5. 1 "Addlition" of S multaneous Masklnyg , 103 -- 45.2 "Addition- of Po-stmas.khng H. -- 4.6 Models of NMaisking 106 -- 4,6.1 P ychoaco< sticl Model of Sinmltaneous Masking 107 -- 46.2 Psychoa to st ica M.odel of Norn-simultaneous Masking . 108 -- 40.63 Ma -sing Described in C(ochlear Active -- Feedlback Models ,. 109 -- 3 litch and -Pitch Strength 1 -- 5A 1 PitCi of Pulr e Tneos 111 -- T 1, atio Pit ' 11I -- 5. 2 Pitch Shifts 113 -- 5,2 i vode ot Spect ra Pitch 116 -- 153 Pitch of Complex Toes 119 -- 5A Model tof Virt ual Pitch 123 -- 5.5 Pitch (of Noise, 125 -- 516 Acoustic After Iniage (7 Zwicker-tone) 30 -- ,7 Pitch Strngth 1 35 -- 6 Critical Bands and Excitation , 149 -- 6.1 Metbods for b the Deternihnation -- of the Critical B ANidth 150 -- 62 Critical-Mima l Rate Sc. 158 -- 6. 3 it ca Bid Level aind Exci tation Level , 165 -- 4 ExcitatiNon Level versus Critical-Band Rate -- vTSus Time Pat te 172 -- 7 iJu st-Notic eable Sound Changes 175 -- .1 Just Noticeable Changes in Amplitude , 175 -- 71 lthreshold of Amplitude Variation 17 -- 7.1 2 Jnst-Notice nable Level Differernce 180 -- 7.2 Just-Noticeable Cha nges in Frequency. 182 -- 7.2.1 T hreshold for Fr equency Varia 182 -- 71 2 J st-Notic eable Reqency Differines, 185 -- 7.3 Just-Notimable flPase Differeces , 188 -- 71 Influence of Partial Masking on Just-Not iceable Changes 192 -- 75 Models of WOMANie Changes o , , 194 -- 75 ModAIN for Ju st- Noticeabl ariations 194 -- 75.2 Mol for Just-Noticeable Differences 201 -- 8 Loudness 203 -- Si L , L W203 -- 842 Ljoydhss FuM ti 205 -- 81 Spowtra Effects , i 208 -- 8.4 Spectrally Par i asked Loudness. 214 -- 85 Temp oral Effects 216 -- 8.6 I(porally Partial Masked Loudness 219 -- 8.7 Model of Loudness 220 -- 8 7 Specif Loudaess 223 -- 8&7.2 Loudness Suimmation (Spectral and Tmciporal) 226 -- 8.73 Louw ipes Calculation and Loudness Meters 233 -- 9 Shar,ness and r.-s.isory Pleasantness -- 9.1 Depedencie of Slrpness 219 -- 9.2 Model of Sharpuuess p241 -- 9.3 Dependencies of Sensory Pleasantness 243 -- 9 4 Model of Sensory Pleasantness s 245 -- 10 Fluctuation Strength 247 -- 0.1 Dependencies of Fluctuation Strength 247 -- 10.2 Model of Fluctuatio Stregth. 253 -- 11 RNughness 257 -- 11 1 Depern;Wes of Roughness 257 -- 11.2 Model of n ess 261 -- 12 Subjective Duration 265 -- 12.1 Dependencies of Subjective Duration 265 -- 12.2 Model of Subjective Duration 268 -- 13 Rhyth 271 -- 13.1 Dependencies of Rhythm 271 -- 1.2 Model of Rhytiin 275 -- 14 The Ear's Own Nonlinear Distortion. 277 -- 14.1 Em Order Distortions 279 -- 11,2 O d Order DistortinS 282 -- 143 IModels of Nonlinear Distortions 286 -- 15: Binaural liecrin3g 2 -- 15 i3im irl-l Mf a i ni. 2% l /:- ^· \ -- 15 1 .1 st-Notibeae iter nraIb Delay . -- 15.2 Biri Jaur.A Aasking-b-pevei Differences 295 -- "1k.5.21 Depundeucies oPMLDs Th9 -- 1.2.2 AlodeI of D3 S ,2 -- . atr: aotion -- 15.4 Localhzaton 39 -- 1.5.5 Binaural Lom-ud.es 311 -- 16 Examples of -ppltication 315 -- 16. Noise AbaWmenit 3 r it15 -- 16.1,1 Lodness i\ Weasurement 317 -- 16.1.2 Evaluation of Noise Emissions 320 -- 16 1. 3 Evaluotion of Noise hmnims->iovs 323 -- 16.1. Evaluation of Son rd Qua1ity 327 -- 16.1- C(ognritive Effects: identifiicaon o[ Soun Soiuce 3:30 -- 16.2 Appl ichaions in Audiology,v,,.,. ,. ,. 333 -- 16 .2. I(t n st ic Emissions 334 -- M6I.2 Vining OCurves 336 -- 1623 A4nplitude Resolution 340 -- ].6ý24 Tomporad Rpsolutim , ý 341, -- 1625 Temporal Integration 347 -- 16-2.6 LcmdiipssY Suu-mabio and flcnfitrent 348 -- 16.ý2.7 Speech1 in 1a 1 352 -- 16028 Localisation witfi Hearing Instruments 356 -- 1.6 [ Hearing Ads. 356 -- 16.4 Broax! cxwhig vag! Cogm(nicatiou Systems 359 -- 16,5 Spteech o ton 361 -- 16,6 M\ usical Acouis tics 362 -- 16,7 Toom Acoustics 366 -- Literatue 36.